Kayla Taylor and Ben Allen
Conflict in America Contract
February 21st, 2019
Project Site: http://conflict.coplacdigital.org/unca/
Mission Statement
Goal of Project
This project will explore the battle in gaining citizenship and full suffrage for the Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians from the late nineteenth through early to mid twentieth century. Research will focus primarily on the Eastern Band of Western North Carolina in Jackson and Swain counties, specifically the Qualla Boundary (also known as the Cherokee reservation) as well as surrounding areas. Key political figures of the fight for and against suffrage will be studied. The formally recognized Cherokee government and its actors will be at the fore of our study. Opposed to their efforts to gain citizenship and voting rights were often county elections officials, especially those in Jackson and Swain counties in North Carolina. The state government initially sought to protect its own rights as the sovereign authority over the EBCI by arguing in favor of their citizenship, but eventually took a hands off approach and did not intervene in county-based disenfranchisement efforts. It appears statewide recognition of the EBCI as equal electoral participants was never codified, their status remaining ambiguous until the Voting Rights Act of 1965. The role of common people also played a particularly valuable role in the fight for and against Cherokee suffrage and citizenship, through popular, and possibly spontaneous, protests against discriminatory election laws in Sylva in 1920 and complaints and negotiations carried out by Cherokee veterans in 1946.
Electoral participation is central to the responsiveness of democratic governments to the needs of its citizens. In the years following the deadly removal of Cherokee and other Native Americans from the Southeast against their will, the surviving Cherokee in the mountains of Western North Carolina lived in a legal gray area, their citizenship status undefined. Their efforts to achieve equal participation in North Carolina society at the end of the 19th century very quickly ran afoul of local electoral authorities who feared their ability to swing elections in counties with regularly thin vote margins. The struggle of the Eastern Band Cherokee to achieve equal voting rights in the face of efforts to reject their citizenship and, afterwards, the same Jim Crow era laws used to disenfranchise other North Carolina minority voters is of particular importance in an era of new laws designed to effectively disenfranchise large numbers of minority voters in North Carolina and many other states.
The arbitrary nature of citizenship status impedes upon people’s liberties, preventing many from attaining firm recognition as equal members of the “political fabric.” This fuels conflict, not only between individuals, but between individuals and institutions. This project attempts to comprehend how mass drives of cooperation and concession enfranchised the Cherokee.
Primary documents such as the 1897 ruling stripping the EBCI of North Carolina citizenship and state legislation restricting access to electoral participation to minorities will be used. National laws including the 1924 Citizenship Act and the Dawes Act which impacted Native American citizenship will be examined, as well as civil rights legislation of the 1960s that ultimately provided the Federal Government with effective enforcement mechanisms to combat local disenfranchisement efforts. Several academic secondary sources will be utilized, especially concerning the subject of nationwide Native American voting rights. Additionally, contemporary newspapers will be relied on for many of the specific events involving the EBC, such as the 1920 Sylva protests.
The intended audience is local residents of North Carolina who may be unaware of the history of disenfranchisement and political oppression of the Eastern Band Cherokee. This is a relatively lightly explored topic, and one which deserves an updated and more comprehensive investigation. What is heavily explored is, disenfranchisement through gerrymandering and voter I.D laws, in which historical connections can be made to understand our current political system.
Structure of Site and Intended Features
The structure of the site will center around a chronological account of the events related to Cherokee suffrage and citizenship in North Carolina, beginning at least as early as the late 19th century and extending to at least the specific efforts of conflict resolution to attain suffrage shortly before the 1946 elections. The primary home page should feature an appropriate and relevant image or example of relevant art, a short summary of our issue, and links to the primary chronological account and particular subtopics that may deserve their own pages.
The website will include a page related to the national issue of Native American
Citizenship and Suffrage at the turn of the last century, a page for the legal framework underlying North Carolina’s disenfranchisement of racial minorities subsequent to Reconstruction, a page with a collection of brief profiles of figures central to the chronological account, a page with EBCI artwork and music, a timeline page, and bibliographic page.
Each page on the website will incorporate appropriate photographs or artwork to complement the narratives we present, including present day photographs of important locations related to the project, contemporary photographs when possible of the same locations, and EBCI artwork. Although the subject matter is very text based, we want to incorporate pictures from the time, as well as audio of possible interviews, music, and art we come across to contextualize the space and place of Eastern Band Cherokee disenfranchisement and their struggle for suffrage.
Tools
Apart from constructing most of the site on WordPress, the timeline will likely be created with TimelineJS, however the plugins “Timelines and History Slider” and “Timeline History” will both be looked into as both seem to be lighter on resources than TimelineJS. As most information will be communicated through the chronological account/supplementary pages, a lightweight, faster timeline tool may be appropriate.
A map will be assembled through “WP Google Maps,” which looks like a visually appealing and relatively simple plugin to use.
The plugin “Photo Gallery” will be used to organize and display images, and Paint will be used to crop images as needed. If audio files are utilized, “Compact WP Audio Player” is the plugin that will be used to add them to the website. Footnotes and bibliography will be added through the plugin “Academic Blogger’s Kit,” which may have a steeper learning curve than other footnote plugins, but appears to create a very professional final product.
Schedule of Milestones
March 5: Finish draft of primary timeline.
March 7: Complete draft for “Profiles” page. Complete draft of map.
March 12: Finalize sources to be used. Drafts of all supplementary pages for the website.
March 14: Digitize any photographs and artwork collected. Complete archive of media for website.
March 19: Finalize media to be used on website from archive.
March 21: Research completed.
March 26: Draft of chronological account.
April 2: Finish selection of contemporary media to be used on website.
April 4: Draft of final website.
Distribution of Labor
Ben and Kayla will both work to collect art, music, and photography to enhance the website. The chronological account will be a collaborative effort, as well. The website will be collaborative, though Ben will be in charge of utilizing plugins.
Kayla will be responsible for the supplementary pages for “Profiles,” North Carolina election law, and present day media. She will also be the person primarily responsible for any oral interviews, should they be conducted.
Ben will be responsible for the timelines, the map, and the supplementary page for nationwide Native American voting rights.